![]() The Afghanistan War and removal from powerĪpart from the Taliban’s unsettling disregard for human rights, many countries were concerned about the Taliban allowing refuge to Osama bin Laden, who had helped organize a network of foreign-born Muslim fighters during the Afghan War. By 2001 the Taliban controlled all but a small section of northern Afghanistan, and only Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates ever recognized the regime. Resistance was particularly pronounced among non-Pashtun ethnic groups-namely, the Tajik, the Uzbek, and the Hazara-in the north, west, and central parts of the country, who saw the power of the predominantly Pashtun Taliban as a continuation of the traditional Pashtun hegemony of the country. Its policies included the near-total exclusion of women from public life (including employment and education), the systematic destruction of non-Islamic artistic relics (as occurred in the town of Bamiyan), and the implementation of harsh criminal punishments. It combined a strict religious ideology-a mixture of Deobandi traditionalism and Wahhābī puritanism-with a conservative Pashtun social code (Pashtunwali) to create a brutally repressive regime. The Taliban faced significant resistance, especially after it asserted its own interpretation of law and order. By late 1996 the Taliban had seized the capital, Kabul, and gained effective control over some two-thirds of the country.Īfghanistan: Civil war, mujahideen-Taliban phase (1992–2001) The faction, which enjoyed popular support with its promise of security and its religious fervour, quickly grew into the movement now known as the Taliban. In 1994 a group of former fighters, associated with a madrasah in a village of Kandahār province, successfully subdued a local warlord and began pacifying nearby areas. ![]() Facing mass displacement during the war, many Afghans found solidarity in the religious rhetoric of the mujahideen resistance and opportunity in schools of Islamic sciences (called madrasahs) in southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Afghanistan’s new government failed to establish civil order outside of Kabul, and much of the country was subject to frequent extortion and assault from local militias and warlords. The Taliban emerged in the aftermath of the Afghan War (1978–92). It began as a small force of Afghan religious students and scholars seeking to confront crime and corruption the faction owes its name, Taliban (Pashto: Ṭālebān, “Students”), to this initial membership. Taliban, Pashto Ṭālebān (“Students”), also spelled Taleban, ultraconservative political and religious faction that emerged in Afghanistan in the mid-1990s following the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the collapse of Afghanistan’s communist regime, and the subsequent breakdown in civil order.
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